JC-1 is a very sensitive fluorescent probe to test Pgp activity. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples JC-1 is capable of distinguishing between resistant, intermediate and sensitive groups, whereas rhodamine 123 only recognizes the resistant group. As in cell lines, the red emission band (597nm) of JC-1 appears to be more convenient for detection of low-level resistance in AML than other probes, such as rhodamine 123 (529nm) or calcein-AM (517nm). Green fluorescent JC-1 existing as a monomer (λem=527nm) at low concentrations or at low membrane potential. However, at higher concentrations (aqueous solutions above 0.1µM) or higher potentials, JC-1 forms red fluorescent 'J-aggregates', which exhibit a broad excitation spectrum and a very narrow emission spectrum (λem=590nm). JC-1 stains mitochondria in living cells in a membrane potential-dependent function. JC-1 has been used in a functional assay of multidrug resistance cells and in apoptosis related mitochondrial modifications.
Product Details
| Alternative Name: | 5,5',6,6'-Tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide |
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| Formula: | C25H27Cl4IN4 |
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| MW: | 652.2 |
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| CAS: | 47729-63-5 |
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| Purity: | ≥98% (HPLC) |
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| Appearance: | Red solid. |
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| Solubility: | Soluble in DMSO or methanol. |
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| Shipping: | Ambient |
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| Long Term Storage: | +4°C |
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| Handling: | Protect from light, especially when in solution. Keep cool and dry. |
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| Regulatory Status: | RUO - Research Use Only |
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Product Literature References
p53 Loss Mediates Hypersensitivity to ETS Transcription Factor Inhibition Based on PARylation-Mediated Cell Death Induction: C. Dinhof, et al.; Cancers (Basel) 12, 3205 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Notoginsenoside R1 Ameliorates Diabetic Retinopathy through PINK1-Dependent Activation of Mitophagy: P. Zhou, et al.; Cells 8, 213 (2019), Application(s): Measuring Mitochondrial membrane potential of rMC-1 cells in flow cytometry, Abstract; Full Text
Popdc1/Bves Functions in the Preservation of Cardiomyocyte Viability While Affecting Rac1 Activity and Bnip3 Expression: V. Kliminski, et al.; J. Cell Biochem. 118, 1505 (2017), Abstract;
Tanshinone IIA induces apoptosis via inhibition of Wnt/β‑catenin/MGMT signaling in AtT‑20 cells: Z.Y. Li, et al.; Mol. Med. Rep. 16, 5908 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Malate-aspartate shuttle inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid leads to decreased intracellular ATP levels and altered cell cycle of c6 glioma cells by inhibiting glycolysis: C. Wang, et al.; Cancer Lett. 378, 1 (2016), Application(s): Used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential, Abstract;
Metformin protects kidney cells from insulin mediated genotoxicity in vitro and male Zucker diabetic fatty rats: E.M. Othman, et al.; Endocrinology 157, 548 (2016), Application(s): Cell culture, Abstract; Full Text
Photoprotective efficiency of PLGA-curcumin nanoparticles versus curcumin through the involvement of ERK/AKT pathway under ambient UV-R exposure in HaCaT cell line: D. Chopra, et al.; Biomaterials 84, 25 (2016), Application(s): Cell staining, Abstract;
SIRT2 plays a significant role in maintaining the survival and energy metabolism of PIEC endothelial cells: J. Zhang, et al.; Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol. 8, 120 (2016), Application(s): Flow cytometry-based JC-1 assay, Abstract; Full Text
Synergistic effect of piperine and paclitaxel on cell fate via cyt-c, Bax/Bcl-2-caspase-3 pathway in ovarian adenocarcinomas SKOV-3 cells: M.K. Pal, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 791, 751 (2016), Application(s): JC-1 staining for mitochondrial membrane potential nuclear integrity assay, Abstract;
Circumvention of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by combination of cyclosporin A and low-intensity ultrasound: T. Yu, et al.; Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 91, 103 (2015), Application(s): Flow Cytometry, Abstract;
Intra- and intercellular distribution of mitochondrial probes and changes after treatment with MDR modulators: G. Diaz, et al.; IUBMB Life 51, 121 (2001), Abstract;
JC-1: a very sensitive fluorescent probe to test Pgp activity in adult acute myeloid leukemia: O. Legrand, et al.; Blood 97, 502 (2001), Abstract; Full Text
A rapid method for the evaluation of compounds with mitochondria-protective properties: R. Nuydens, et al.; J. Neurosci. Methods 92, 153 (1999), Abstract;
Flavonoid-related modulators of multidrug resistance: synthesis, pharmacological activity, and structure-activity relationships: J. Ferte, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 42, 478 (1999), Abstract;
UVA1 radiation triggers two different final apoptotic pathways: D.E. Godar; J. Invest. Dermatol. 112, 3 (1999), Abstract;
Flow cytometric measurement of mitochondrial mass and function: a novel method for assessing chemoresistance: M. Mancini, et al.; Ann. Surg. Oncol. 5, 287 (1998), Abstract;
Mitochondria and apoptosis: D.R. Green & J.C. Reed; Science 281, 1309 (1998), Abstract;
Functional assay of multidrug resistant cells using JC-1, a carbocyanine fluorescent probe: J.M. Kühnel, et al.; Leukemia 11, 1147 (1997), Abstract;
JC-1, but not DiOC6(3) or rhodamine 123, is a reliable fluorescent probe to assess delta psi changes in intact cells: implications for studies on mitochondrial functionality during apoptosis: S. Salvioli, et al.; FEBS Lett. 411, 77 (1997), Abstract;
Mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in coelomocytes from the earthworm Eisenia foetida: studies with fluorescent probes in single intact cells: A. Cossarizza, et al.; BBRC 214, 503 (1995), Abstract;
Mitochondrial membrane potential monitored by JC-1 dye: M. Reers, et al.; Methods Enzymol. 260, 406 (1995), Abstract;
A new method for the cytofluorimetric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential using the J-aggregate forming lipophilic cation 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1): A. Cossarizza, et al.; BBRC 197, 40 (1993), Abstract;
Intracellular heterogeneity in mitochondrial membrane potentials revealed by a J-aggregate-forming lipophilic cation JC-1: S.T. Smiley, et al.; PNAS 88, 3671 (1991), Abstract;
J-aggregate formation of a carbocyanine as a quantit
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